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The Hebraization of surnames (also spelled Hebraicization)〔(Random House Unabridged Dictionary: Hebraize )〕〔(Random House Unabridged Dictionary: Hebraize )〕 ((ヘブライ語:עברות), ''Ivrut'', "Hebraization") is the process of adopting Hebrew family names (also called surnames or last names). Many immigrants to modern Israel changed their names to Hebrew names, to erase remnants of ''galuti'' (exiled, diaspora-like) life still surviving in family names from other languages. This phenomenon was especially common among Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants to Israel, because many such families only acquired permanent surnames (rather than patronyms) when surnames were made compulsory by the November 12, 1787 decree by the Habsburg emperor Joseph II.〔http://jewishcurrents.org/november-12-jews-acquire-family-names-12794〕 (In some other countries, many non-Jews likewise went by patronymics until surnames became mandatory, e.g., Holland in 1811.〔http://www.archives.com/genealogy/family-heritage-dutch.html〕) By way of contrast, Sephardic Jews from the Iberian peninsula often had hereditary family names since well before the Spanish Expulsion (e.g., Cordovero, Abrabanel, Shaltiel, de Leon, Alcalai, Toledano,...) Very few Hebrew surnames exist, such as ''Cohen'' (priest), ''Moss'' (Moses) and ''Levi'' (Levite). Names ending with ''-berg'', ''-stein'' or ''-man'' are often thought of as Jewish, but are of German origin, while suffixes such as ''-sky'' and ''-vitz'' are Slavic. Similarly, a few Hebrew surnames, such as ''Katz'', ''Bogoraz'', ''Uhl'' and ''Pak'' are in fact Hebrew acronyms, even though they sound and are often perceived as being of foreign origin (in these cases, from German, Russian, Polish and Korean, respectively). The Hebraization of surnames is a unique phenomenon to the Hebrew language.〔 This process began as early as the days of the First and Second ''Aliyot'' and continued after the establishment of the State of Israel.〔 The widespread trend towards hebraization of surnames in the days of the Yishuv and immediately after the establishment of the State of Israel was based on the claim that a Hebrew name provided a feeling of belonging to the new state.〔 There was also the wish to distance from the lost and dead past, and from the forced imposition of foreign (e.g. German) names in the previous centuries.〔 This process has not ended: among the thousands of Israelis who currently apply for legal name changes each year, many do it to adopt Hebrew names. ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hebraization of surnames」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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